AbstractsChemistry

Process intensification refers to technologies and strategies that enable simpler and more efficient processes compared to conventional processes. Some features of such intensified processes are less recycle streams, reduced need for waste handling and lower investment and operating costs compared to conventional processes. One way of doing this is by making two or more process steps simultaneously and not one after another as it is traditionally done. In this work two such approaches, reactive distillation (RD) and the side reactor configuration (SRC), are studied. RD combines chemical reaction and distillation into a single process unit. In SRC a liquid stream rich in reagents is withdrawn from the distillation and fed into a side reactor. The reactor effluent is returned back into the same column. The final product is then obtained from the distillation column just as in RD processes. Two models for simulation and design of processes combining reaction and distillation were developed. The first model is for the reactive distillation process. The modelling approach is based on a direct account of the diffusion with multi-component interaction effects, reaction kinetics, and heat transport. The model includes mass transfer in the film region, a catalyst efficiency determination based on the mass transfer inside the catalyst, and hydrodynamic models for reactive trays. This model was successfully tested against experiments from a pilot scale unit. A new reactive distillation process for producing 2-methoxy-2,4,4-trimethyl pentane is discussed. The other model is for the Side Reactor Concept (SRC). The model of the distillation column is derived from the mass and energy balances, equilibrium, and summation relations of a stage in a reactive distillation column. Rigorously calculated Murphree multi-component efficiencies are included to account for non-ideality of the stages. This model also includes a series of continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) representing the side reactor stage. Co-current flow and gas and liquid phases and heterogeneous catalyst are allowed in the reactor. The use of SRC and RD is discussed in two case studies, in the production of TAME and isooctene. The study showed that SRC is a potential process option, especially because the reactor conditions can be optimised to improve the performance of the process.