AbstractsBiology & Animal Science

Genetic consequences of occupying a highly fragmented landscape among ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in south-central Madagascar

by Tara Anne Clarke




Institution: University of Victoria
Department:
Degree: PhD
Year: 2015
Keywords: ring-tailed lemur; Lemur catta; Madagascar; habitat fragmentation; population genetics; conservation genetics; microsatellite
Record ID: 2062841
Full text PDF: http://hdl.handle.net/1828/5967


Abstract

Global climate change and habitat fragmentation represent two of the greatest threats to biodiversity and ecological processes worldwide. It is predicted that anthropogenic induced climate change could represent a key factor for extinctions in the near future, considering that the Earth is set to become warmer than at any period in the past 40 million years. Habitat fragmentation and isolation pose a number of challenges for the fauna inhabiting degraded areas, including lack of dispersal opportunities leading to inbreeding resulting in a loss of genetic diversity, reduced reproductive fitness; increases in vulnerability to predation, hunting, and disease, and an inability to deal with or respond to environmental changes and/or disease. Madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world, is home to unprecedented levels of endemism, including over 100 species of lemur. The island has undergone a range of historical and contemporary landscape transformations, both natural and anthropogenic. These landscape transformations combined with additional human-induced disturbances, such as the illegal pet and bushmeat trades, have had devastating effects on the island’s extant primate populations. Thus, Madagascar’s lemurs have been deemed the most endangered group of mammals and now represent the highest primate conservation priority in the world. The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is endemic to the southern regions of the island and occupies an array of habitats. L. catta is known for its remarkable behavioral and ecological flexibility, which contributes to its ability to exist in a mostly fragmented landscape. While this species represents one of the most well studied Malagasy strepsirhines, there has been a paucity of research regarding the population and conservation genetics of this endangered species. The goal of my dissertation was to examine the influence of habitat fragmentation and isolation on the genetic diversity and population structuring of this flagship species in three populations living in the central highlands of Madagascar: Anja Reserve, Sakaviro, and Tsaranoro Valley. Non-invasive fecal samples from 30 individual lemurs were collected from three fragmented forests and genotyped at six polymorphic microsatellite loci. Population genetic analyses were examined via GenAlEx software and revealed a moderate level genetic diversity. Genetic differentiation (FST) among the three fragmented populations ranged from 0.05-0.11. These data suggest that the L. catta populations within south-central Madagascar have not yet lost significant genetic variation. To examine past and recent demographic declines or genetic bottlenecks, I employed three approaches, including mode-shift and M-Ratio tests, as well as a test to detect heterozygosity excess using three mutation models: the two-phase model (TPM), step-wise mutation model (SMM), and the infinite allele model (IAM). Results were equivocal depending on the test that was applied; however, a mode-shift was detected for Anja, signifying this population…