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Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Five-Membered Heterocycles : 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions, Solid-Phase Techniques, and Parallel Methods

by Kirsi Harju

Institution: University of Helsinki
Department: Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Degree:
Year: 2009
Keywords: farmaseuttinen kemia (lääkekemia)
Posted:
Record ID: 1144260
Full text PDF: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/19098


Abstract

Five-membered heterocycles are widely present in nature and in drugs. Of the several methods to prepare them in the laboratory, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition has proven particularly useful. In these studies, five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles were prepared via 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. 1,2,3-Triazoles, pyrazolopyridines, and pyrazoles were prepared on solid support, and a library of pyrroles was prepared in solution in a parallel fashion. In the synthesis of the pyrazoles and pyrroles, reactions were facilitated by microwave irradiation. Parallel reactions, evaporations, isolations, and purifications were performed. Cleavage of the compounds from solid support was studied. 1,2,3-Triazoles and pyrazoles were cleaved from the 2-methoxy-substituted resin in a traceless manner. Pyrazolopyridines, which were linked to the resin with an ester linkage, were cleaved from it as carboxylic acids or methyl esters. Structurally related compounds were prepared by taking advantage of combinatorial methods. Several alkynes were used in the cycloadditions. Additionally, pyridine derivatives were employed as building blocks for the synthesis of pyrazolopyridines, and amino acids for pyrazoles and pyrroles. All products were isolated, purified, and fully characterized. The overall yields of the products varied from moderate to high. Regiochemical outcome of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions was studied by NMR techniques and crystal structure analysis. The regioselectivity was good in most reactions between the dipoles and electron-withdrawing alkynes, but occasionally a mixture of regioisomers was obtained. In summary, a range of techniques were applied to the synthesis of five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Five-membered heterocycles have many important applications, making new synthetic techniques of great significance. Lääkkeen kehittäminen vaatii paljon aikaa ja rahaa. Sopivan lääkeainekandidaatin löytämiseen tarvitaan suuri määrä testattavia yhdisteitä, joita on usein hidasta ja työlästä valmistaa. Väitöstyön puitteissa kehitetyt menetelmät nopeuttavat potentiaalisten lääkeainekandidaattien löytämistä. Tutkimus pureutui erilaisiin menetelmiin, joilla voidaan valmistaa monta yhdistettä yhtä aikaa. Yhdistetyypeiksi valittiin viisirenkaiset typpeä sisältävät yhdisteet, jotka ovat hyvin yleisiä esimerkiksi luonnossa ja lääkeaineissa. Saatuja tuloksia ja kehitettyjä menetelmiä voidaan jatkossa hyödyntää vastaavanlaisten typpiheterosyklien valmistuksessa. Yhdisteet kiinnitettiin niin sanottuihin kiintokantajiin, jotka ovat reagoimattomia muovimateriaaleja: tyypillisimmin polystyreenejä. Reaktiot tapahtuivat kiintokantajan pinnalla. Reaktiovaiheiden jälkeen kiintokantajaan sidottu tuote voitiin helposti eristää reaktioseoksesta yksinkertaisella suodatuksella ja pesulla. Ylimääräiset reagenssit ja mahdolliset sivutuotteet suodattuivat erilleen ja kiintokantajaan sidottu tuote saatiin eristettyä puhtaampana reaktioseoksesta. Kaupallisesti on saatavilla erilaisia laitteistoja, joilla on mahdollista tehdä…

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