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Diversifying Boreal-Nemoral cropping systems for sustainable protein production
by Torres Clara Lizarazo
Institution: | University of Helsinki |
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Year: | 2017 |
Keywords: | Agricultural Sciences; Agricultural Sciences |
Posted: | 02/01/2018 |
Record ID: | 2153856 |
Full text PDF: | http://hdl.handle.net/10138/178230 |
Most cropping systems in the Boreal Nemoral region of Europe are characterized by intensified cereal production, which has resulted in a heavy dependence on foreign vegetable protein imports for feed supplementation and high consumption of synthetic fertilizer. This in turn have caused numerous critical environmental impacts such as copious greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer production and use, heavy reliance on a narrow range of crop protection methods, leading to risks of resistance to agrochemicals, nutrient runoff and losses in soil health locally, and in land-use change abroad. Hence, crop diversification is needed, and this work focuses on the potential to use grain legumes to help meet the demand for the local vegetable protein and to mitigate the environmental impacts resulting from the current narrow diversity on crop rotations and from the feed and fertilizer trade. In this dissertation, three grain legume crops, namely faba bean (Vicia faba L.), narrow-leafed (NL) lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were grown in field trials in order to assess their potential adaptation to the Boreal Nemoral region of Europe and to find their best place in the cereal-based crop rotations that are conventional in the region. The research focused on 1) the protein yield potential of each crop and their nutritive quality particularities, 2) the pre-crop effect of cereals on grain legumes, and 3) the exploration of flowering time in faba bean as a key component of adaptation to high latitudes. The results show, that faba bean was the crop with highest protein yield stability, and with higher protein concentration than is achieved at lower latitudes, whereas lentil and narrow-leafed lupin had comparable protein concentration as those achieved in other locations. Nutritive quality of all three crops was within the normal range, and amino-acid and DIAAS scores suggested that cultivar selection is important, since major variations in the content of lysine, cysteine and tryptophan influence the feed and food value. The screening trials revealed that among the available lentil and NL lupin cultivars, earliness is sufficient with some reaching maturity in about 100 days, whereas significant improvement on the earliness of Kontu faba bean is needed in order for the crop to be grown in the northern most part of the Boreal Nemoral region. The crop rotation trial showed that NL lupin produced equally high yields after turnip rape and oat, while faba bean gave higher yields after turnip rape and then after barley. Overall, the pre-crop effect on nutrient composition of NL lupin was less evident than on that of faba bean, the latter having 19, while the former 7 significant differences out of the 88 nutrient uptake variables measured. Among these 26 significant measures, barley was the best pre-crop in 9 variables, and oat in 5. The pre-crop effect was present on both the shoot and seed composition, and it was apparent that the pre-crop effect was able to influence soil nutrient
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